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Educational researcher Benjamin Bloom and colleagues have suggested six different cognitive stages in learning (Bloom, 1956; Bloom, Hastings & Madaus, 1971). Cognitive Domain. 9. This melding can be charted to see how one is teaching at both knowledge and cognitive process levels. �!�\Y5�z�Ae����z�/��"7K/tÔ���c��;�9��y�=_��S������n_�DdF�^��A$\?XE�@����d�,pW�矒���}�5����/"�nݕ[7������}W��|��&�y�ck�,6��o�y�N%��4���х ��j=���M�m�w�Ta�.�.�g�f[j��) W���g�y$697B��T.���y��(Β�W+~�r��!e�u4���+O$˄�9d>;+�7x��W��a�H^�r~�����\�_U�j�ڢ� �}��-�R�z��:�� =뼱9V� ��h�������E����Ǘj[��F���NWl�7��U����ґ�Q��p�/�澛8�S~��͇-E"A��>\��y��_p�! What is the highest level of cognitive domain? COMPREHENSION Student translates, comprehends, or interprets information based on prior learning. The various levels have often been depicted as a stairway to reference a progressive climb to a higher level of thinking. Application: the ability to use learned information in a new situation. Application. Interpret, Judge, Measure, Select, Test, Verify. Bloom led development of a taxonomy of learning domains, classifyng these into Cognitive (thinking), Affective (feeling), and Psychomotor (physical skills). @ȭ�(l����s�"?��*��4��3�bf�o�m���G1���Q�G[�: Article, radio show, video, puppet show, inventions, poetry, short story. Using abstractions in concrete situations. Find, Label, List, Match, Read, Record, 1. Found inside – Page 131Bloom suggested several levels with increasing complexity, ranging from basic recall of facts at the lowest level to evaluation at the highest. If your teaching relates mainly to the cognitive domain, teaching methods you could use ... 8 Bloom's Taxonomy Mary Forehand (The University of Georgia) Bloom's Taxonomy is a classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition—i.e., thinking, learning, and understanding. The cognitive domain involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills (Bloom, et al, 1956). Synthesis: the ability to put parts together to form a new whole. Key Words: defines, describes, identifies, knows, labels, lists . Bloom's Revised Taxonomy: Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Bloom's Revised Taxonomy—Cognitive Domain Lorin Anderson, a former student of Bloom, revisited the cognitive domain in the learning taxonomy in the mid-nineties and made some changes, with perhaps the two most prominent ones being, 1) changing the names in the six categories . Levels of Affective Domain of Learning. examine the body parts. the 6 levels of Bloom's taxonomy of the cognitive domain. Cognitive Domain Levels Affective Domain The affective domain addresses the acquisition of attitudes and values. Exams are used to evaluate the retention of the fundamental concepts covered in the course. Bloom's taxonomy is nothing short of a simple yet powerful explanation of the nature of thinking itself. Fill in, Find, Group, Outline, Predict, Represent, Trace. All of the taxonomies below are arranged so that they proceed from the simplest to more complex levels. Found inside – Page 109of objectives as they may feel they fit at different levels in a domain. Often agreement is reached when we consider both the verb and the content, or the whole objective. Cognitive Domain Thedomain receiving the most attention ... The following three cognitive levels are based on a modified version of Bloom's taxonomy (Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Bloom et al., 1956). In this later version, the levels are remember, understand, apply, analyze, evaluate, and create. Analysis: breaking down information into component parts. Form generalizations, Put into categories, Illustrate, (1956). 7. 348 Association of Cognitive, Affective, Psychomotor and Intuitive domains in Education, Sönmez Model . domains, of knowledge they defined are cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes) and psychomotor (physical skills). symbols and graphics to draw the water cycle. The three domains of learning are the cognitive domain that emphasizes thinking; the affective domain highlighting attitudes and feelings; and the psychomotor domain featuring doing. Being able to recall and understands concepts, patterns and facts provide the basis for higher levels of thinking. The purpose of the study was to analyze the assessment levels of students' learning according to cognitive domain of Blooms' Taxonomy. This domain was intended to verify a student's cognitive excellence during written assessment. Found inside – Page 152cognitive domain Learning that takes place through the process of thinking; it deals with facts and knowledge. cognitive ... generalizations, or theories that are pertinent to a body of knowledge. create Cognitive domain level in which ... The cognitive domain involves the recognition of knowledge and the development of intellectual abilities and skills. Breaking down a whole into component parts. This chart is an adaptation of materials found in Benjami S. Bloom, ed. 2. Ch. This categorization is best explained by the Taxonomy of . The word taxonomy simply means classifications or structures. domains. h�b```g``�g �����Y8��ء��!���i��B+=� � P�a�����z��!|Fi� Lr] It is the domain where you process information, create knowledge, and think. 14.7: Psychomotor Domain. This includes simple skills like recall facts, as well as more complex skills such as recognition of patterns and forming of concepts. Found inside – Page 22The level of cognitive function among chemotherapy patients in the domains of language, long-term memory, and visuospatial function was not significantly different from their counterparts. Of the previous meta-analyses, only Falleti et ... levels have frequently been portrayed as a stairway, driving numerous educators to urge their understudies to "move to a more significant level of thought."The INTRODUCTION The areas of learning can be arranged as cognitive domain (knowledge), psychomotor domain (skill) and affective domain (attitudes). Bloom's Taxonomy classifies thinking according to six . Bloom identified six levels within the cognitive domain, from the simple recall or recognition of facts, as the lowest level, through increasingly . Assignments are graded at the level indicated on the assignment. Recite the safety rules. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, ... Each level becomes more challenging as you move higher. Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor Domains. 1). Using the article discuss what happens to the market equilibrium and illustrate your answer. Create a demonstration Revised edition of Bloom's taxonomy In 2001, the levels are slightly different from original taxonomy: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyze, Evaluate, Create (rather than Synthesize). There are six major categories of cognitive processes, which are listed in order . The Cognitive or Knowledge Domain of Learning According to Bloom. Found inside – Page 1-10DOMAINS OF LEARNING Besides the four basic levels of learning , educational psychologists have developed several additional ... One of the more useful categorizations of learning objectives includes three domains : cognitive domain ... 2. At this level, learners are expected to make judgments about the value of the methods or materials presented to them. Cognitive domain is a compilation of six categories of a hierarchy of learning. A group of cognitive psychologists, curriculum theorists and instructional researchers, and testing and assessment specialists published in 2001 a revision of Bloom's Taxonomy with the title A Taxonomy for Teaching, Learning, and Assessment. Revised Bloom's Taxonomy site, Mary Forehand, University of Georgia, Revised Bloom's Taxonomy site, Richard C. Overbaugh & Lynn Schultz, Old Dominion University, Acquire, Define, Distinguish, Draw, Found insideTherefore, while the goal of a course might be one particular taxonomic level or cognitive domain, in practice we are going to include all taxonomic levels toward that goal. We will see how this works when we describe the next step. p��=kG� hv��y|qn�@G�E��s�P6O3 ����w�]O�_f����ٿ?�wǨ�&��j�^�/^U"+��b��bSu���r�֪������*�L�q/�c��,n������=��y��YvK&��-�t��`+�e��ߋ7�$�aWA I��͕�f�_ l�6W The different levels of the cognitive domain categorize students' thinking from less to more complex levels of thinking; for example, having students write a paper analyzing the impact of interest rates on the growth of the U.S. economy requires substantially more complex thinking than asking students to state the current interest rate. Fig. explain summarize paraphrase describe illustrate classify convert defend describe discuss distinguish estimate explain express extend generalized give example(s) Collection of items, diary, photographs, sculpture, illustration, Classify, Determine, Discriminate, Found inside – Page 51The most basic is the knowledge level; the highest is the evaluation level. By understanding the cognitive domain of learning, you will be able to build more effective lesson plans and use students' thinking processes to encourage them ... Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook 1 Cognitive Domain. Bloom and his followers divided the "Knowledge" domain into different levels, ranging from the most simple-recognizing or recalling information-to the most complex-using previously known information to create entirely new meaning. The cognitive domain: In the original version of the taxonomy, the cognitive domain is further divided into 6 levels. They focused on the cognitive domain which involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. Comprehension: the ability to understand the meaning of what is known. the levels that parallel educational objectives laid out in Bloom's taxonomy because learning skills from lower-level processes are embedded in learning skills associated with higher-level processes (Bloom, 1956; Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001). Produce, Record. The Cognitive Domain Knowledge Write List Label Name State Define 8. Found inside – Page 58Thinking of learning as involving one of three discrete categories or domains has proven useful in planning and organizing ... The cognitive domain is especially useful in instructional planning to differentiate between levels of ... Found inside – Page 15Outcomes and competencies may be written to reflect three domains of learning—cognitive, affective, and psychomotor—each with its own taxonomy. The taxonomies classify the outcomes into various levels of complexity. Cognitive Domain The ... Found inside – Page 53With regards to task- and domain-specific functions, the situation becomes more complex. First of all, some may question the conceptual division between this level and the level of cognitive domains, arguing that this is nothing but a ... APPLICATION. Studies by Benjamin Bloom (on cognitive domain), David Krathwohl (affective domain) and Anita Harrow (Psychomotor domain) have been encompassed into the three domains of learning (Sousa, 2016). two earthquake types. Define each of these These domains are cognitive (thinking), affective (emotion/feeling), and psychomotor (physical/kinesthetic). Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Development. Educational Taxonomies with examples, example questions and example activities Cognitive Domain: Bloom . Defend or negate the invertebrate with a vertebrate. Found inside – Page 8For example , Dressel ( 1976 ) described the cognitive domain in two major categories . The first category , knowledge , expanding on Bloom's first level , was further delineated into thirteen types of knowledge . Bloom and his colleagues developed a classification system for the levels of cognitive skills. For example, the cognitive domain starts with the simple task of “remembering” and work towards more complex levels of thinking such as “evaluation.” The categories are also ordered from concrete to abstract. Based on findings of cognitive science following the original publication, a later revision of the taxonomy changes the nomenclature and order of the cognitive processes in the original version. Forehand writes: "Bloom's Taxonomy is a multi-tiered model of classifying thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity" 1.It is one of the most widely used and often cited works of education 1.Bloom's taxonomy can serve many purposes: it According to various researchers there are six levels of cognitive complexity. 3 Domains for Behavioral Objectives Cognitive Domain. (1956). The taxonomy is arranged so categories proceed from the simplest to more complex levels. the name is changed from noun to verb form. Found inside – Page 114Domains of Teaching and Technology Literacy The cognitive , affective , and psychomotor domains of education impact the literacy level of the new taxonomy for technology directly . Students , teachers , and administrators are exposed to ... 1. COGNITIVE DOMAIN Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation cite add acquire analyze abstract appraise define approximate adapt audit animate assess describe articulate allocate blueprint arrange compare draw associate alphabetize breadboard assemble conclude . The six levels are: Level I Knowledge The higher the level ones require more complex mental operation. Title: Microsoft Word - The Six Major Levels of Bloom.doc Author: gkbailey Created Date: 8/4/2010 1:37:50 PM II. The taxonomy contains five levels that can be remembered by the following mnemonic device: Regular Rude Vices Offend Christ Receiving Responding Valuing Organization Characterization Krathwohl, D., et al. But an alternative way to look at Bloom's taxonomy in the cognitive domain is to introduce a new dimension to the pyramid: the knowledge dimension. The revised version changes the names of each of the six levels. endstream endobj 11 0 obj <> endobj 12 0 obj <> endobj 13 0 obj <>stream 0 This paper also produces a format for the assessment of learning domains in an effective way. "The levels for the affective domain are: receiving, responding, valuing, organization, and characterization of a value or a value complex" (Methods for Effective Teaching, pg. New York: Longmans Green. Select, Survey, Take apart, Transform. A practical guide for creating standards-based objectives and assessments aligned with Bloom’s Taxonomy! For example, students move from basic awareness that an issue exists to embracing particular attitudes, values, and practices. I. These assign- ments relate to the comprehension and application levels of Bloom's taxonomy (see Fig. In 2000 one of Blooms former students reevaluated the cognitive domain and redeveloped the hierarchy. These additional levels of learning are the basis of the knowledge, attitude and skill learning objectives commonly used in advanced qualification programs for airline training. It is the "thinking" domain. These six levels are: (1) knowledge, (2) comprehension, (3) application, (4) analysis, (5) synthesis, and (6) evaluation (see Fig. Cognitive Domain . In addition to knowledge, you can learn attitudes, behaviors, and physical skills. These additional levels of learning are the basis of the knowledge, attitude and skill learning objectives commonly used in advanced qualification programs for airline training. 2. In the cognitive domain, these skill levels range from remembering to creating. 1. between, Discover, Discuss, Examine, Experiment, Prepare, 1. Effective training programs start with Bloom's taxonomy. cognitive domain. This practical book provides middle and high school teachers with explicit guidance on developing specific objectives and appropriate formative and summative assessments. Example: A child recites the English alphabet.Comprehension: the ability to understand the meaning of what is known. There are six levels of cognitive learning according to the revised version of Bloom's Taxonomy. This book integrates objectives, instructional approaches, and assessment options so that these critical aspects of teaching are aligned to promote student learning." —James McMillan, Professor and Chair, Foundations of Education Virginia ... 1. by Krathwohl, D.R., Bloom, B.S., & Masia, B.B. Taxonomy is simply a word for a classification. Analysis: the ability to break down material into its parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. Bloom's Taxonomy in the cognitive domain presents 6 major categories. These domains of learning can be categorized as cognitive domain (knowledge), psychomotor domain (skills) and affective domain (attitudes). Learner selects, transfers, and uses data and principles to complete a problem or task with a minimum of direction. Bloom's is often used for lesson planning, and for selecting appropriate assessment questions for each stage. Bloom's Taxonomy classifies thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity: The categories are ordered from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract. This volume classifies learning behaviors and provides concrete measures for identifying different levels of learning. (1956). Fig. It can help teachers to enhance understanding and use it in assessment effectively. The cognitive domain involves the development of our mental skills and the acquisition of knowledge. The classification is often referenced as a progressive climb to a higher level of thinking with the highest level being "evaluation.". Found insideEa of these three domains has been further subdivided into several levels of learner behaviors whi are sought in ea domain. For instance, in the cognitive domain we find knowledge objectives whi , briefly, describe those goals ... 2. In this respect, no This video is about "Bloom Taxonomy" in Urdu. IV. terms: encomienda, conquistador, gaucho 2. Grading . These three domains can be categorized as cognitive (knowledge), psychomotor (skills) and affective (attitudes). The affective domain was addressed in 1965 in Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Handbook II: Affective Domain. Found inside – Page 202If you find it difficult to determine which levels of the cognitive domain your outcomes fall into, see Table A2.1, which associates each level with helpful verbs. Not all courses will deal in every level of the cognitive domain. Found inside – Page 73Domains of Learning There are five domains in which learning occurs ( Gagne , Briggs , & Wager , 1988 ) . ... Levels of Intellectual Skills Within Cognitive Domain Gagne , Briggs , and Wager present the best outline of the various ... endstream endobj 14 0 obj <>stream III. Educators have typically used Bloom's taxonomy to inform or guide the development of assessments (tests and other evaluations of student learning), curriculum (units . hޤ��k�0��}l��P9�6l�J����n�&�6� Comprehension. The levels build in increasing order of difficulty from basic, rote memorization to higher (more difficult and sophisticated) levels of critical thinking skills. different types and levels of knowledge — factual, conceptual, procedural and metacognitive. Table of the Revised Cognitive Domain (Bloom's Taxonomy) Category Examples, key words (verbs), and technologies for learning Remembering: Recall or retrieve previous learned information. Level 4: Find a newspaper article that describes a demand/supply scenario. Found insideI Cognitive domain: knowledge I Psychomotor domain: physical use of knowledge I Affective domain: attitudes, emotions, or values Today, ... Additionally, within each of the domains, the levels of learning build one upon the other. The affective domain forms a hierarchical structure and is arranged from simpler feelings to those that are more complex. The purpose of this project was to enhance the ability of students to think critically by teaching them key vocabulary and questions commonly asked on the six levels of the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: Cognitive Domain, edited by ... The six levels of the original Bloom's taxonomy - Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation - are at the heart of the cognitive domain. What are the levels of cognitive domain? Found inside – Page 35Most training courses focus on the cognitive domain, thus it is important to examine various levels of cognitive understanding. The cognitive domain is broken-down into six categories: knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, ... Thus, all three domains of learning, cognitive, affective and psychomotor, are pertinent. The taxonomy contains five levels that can be remembered by the following mnemonic device: Regular Rude Vices Offend Christ Receiving Responding Valuing Organization Characterization Krathwohl, D., et al. �S�[?�{�O#�������ܖ?�>�o4)��C�? Convert the following Found inside – Page 78Cognitive Domain The cognitive domain is demonstrated by knowledge recall and intellectual skills . The preliminary levels in cognitive domain are simple knowledge acquisition and utilization of memory . Subsequently , these progress ... 1. Learning is everywhere. Read More about “About Us”…, Copyright © 2021 | WordPress Theme by MH Themes, Our Vision Statement and Mission Statement, Creating an Accelerated Learning Environment, Analytical Thinking and Critical Thinking, Instructor-Centered versus Learner-Centered, Difference between Needs Assessment and Needs Analysis, Aligning Organizational Goals to Employee Goals, Three Levels of Organizational Performance, Difference between Training and Education, Difference between Competencies and skills, Performance Needs Analysis versus Training Needs Analysis, Motivating People through Internal Incentives, The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People Overview, Performance Goals and Professional Development Goals, Why Surveys Are Beneficial for Businesses, Enhance Your Working Memory and Become More Efficient. Bloom's Taxonomy classifies thinking according to six cognitive levels of complexity: The categories are ordered from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract. The levels have also change from nouns to verbs. Bloom's Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain, revised by Anderson and Krathwohl in 2001, includes six categories, beginning with the simplest level (REMEMBER) and concluding with the sixth and most complex level (CREATE). Bloom's Revised Taxonomy. Bloom's taxonomy describes six cognitive categories: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation. The Revised Bloom's Taxonomy 6 levels of learning. The original Taxonomy has been changed over the years. 30 0 obj <>stream Found insideThe revised Bloom's taxonomy of the cognitive domain is also called the cognitive process dimension. ... Dancers most often use higher-level thinking skills, from applying to analyzing to evaluating to creating, in performance and ... Cognitive Levels. Compare, Demonstrate, Differentiate, MODULE 8: DOMAINS OF LEARNING Cognitive Goals At the completion of this module the student-instructor should be able to: 8.1 Use his or her own words to state a definition of cognitive, psychomotor and affective domains of learning 8.2 Identify the domain of learning and level of depth for a correctly written objective Quote prices from memory to a customer. Found inside – Page 209Classifying learning processes into these three domains serves to strengthen the understanding of the learning processes ... Longman Group, London) Implications The levels of the cognitive domain are useful for setting or clarifying ... Bloom's Taxonomy. Found inside – Page 13COGNITIVE DOMAIN The cognitive domain deals with knowledge and intellectual skills . ... It provides for six levels of cognitive learning , increasing in complexity : knowledge , comprehension , application , analysis , synthesis , and ... Table of the Revised Cognitive Domain (Bloom's Taxonomy) Category Examples, key words (verbs), and technologies for learning Remembering: Recall or retrieve previous learned information. %PDF-1.5 %���� Cognitive domain. In the cognitive domain, skilled professionals typically The original six categories listed from the most complex to the simplest: evaluation, synthesis, analysis, application, comprehension, and knowledge. Bloom's committee wrote classification schemes for the first two domains; researchers such as Simpson (1972), Harrow (1972) and Dave (1970) developed competing systems for the psychomotor domain. 19 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<83C2C6223788E0DFAD3FB0610E58F336><1833DA713819E04B97E120A54D28D720>]/Index[10 21]/Info 9 0 R/Length 63/Prev 15437/Root 11 0 R/Size 31/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream 10 0 obj <> endobj Found inside – Page 8The next level of the cognitive domain is evaluation ; here you must check data or critique information ... to answer questions about teachto test at all levels of the cognitive domain , but those ing and learning process for a variety ... Use the following tables to help you prepare your assignments. The results will be improved attention to detail, increased comprehension and expanded problem solving skills. Application: correct use of the facts, rules, or ideas. V. Synthesis. The cognitive learning domain corresponding to mental skills, consists of six levels arranged in order of increasing cognition: Knowledge (remember, recall) -- foundation/lower level . The word taxonomy simply means classifications or structures. The classification system they created is often referred to as Bloom's Taxonomy. In Bloom's Taxonomy, cognitive domain is one of the three domains that were established by Benjamin Bloom in 1956. Found inside – Page 55Level. of. Cognitive. Demand. Human behavior and learning are inordinately complex, so any attempt to simplify our understanding of ... The cognitive domain involves thinking and the acquisition of intellectual knowledge and skills. Putting parts together to form a new and integrated whole. statement: "Nature takes care of itself." Cognitive Domain Remember . Devise, Organize, Plan, Present, Rearrange, Rewrite. From an early age humans develop an ability to recall and recognize facts and concepts, and we should get better at it as we move through the formal education system. Remembering information. science. Covering the major content areas, this resource shows how to develop measurable, standards-based lesson objectives and appropriate assessments that tap into all levels of Bloom's Taxonomy. Graph, survey, diagram, chart, questionnaire, report, Argue, Award, Critique, Defend, Dissect a crayfish and Bloom's taxonomy is a classification system of educational objectives based on the level of student understanding necessary for achievement or mastery. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts, procedural patterns, and concepts that serve in the development of intellectual abilities and skills. Knowledge. Example: A child recites the English alphabet. Found inside – Page 118... or less than five cognitive domains are assessed) LEVEL II (COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT) • Neuropsychological testing that includes two tests within each of the five cognitive domains (i.e., attention and working memory, executive, ... Examples: Recite a policy. The Three Levels of the Mind. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. Taxonomies of the Cognitive Domain We can learn mental skills, develop our attitudes and acquire new physical skills as we perform the activities of our daily living. Knowledge: the ability to recall or recognize data / information. That means all desired cultural learning outcome taught fall into not only the cognitive domain, but also into the other learning domains, thus the individuals learn the outcome as a whole and react [24, 26, 27]. domains and levels. The most notable change is the terms used to describe the levels. hެY]��F}�W�[Dՠ�7bkk���r�d�k�<8��H ȑԲZL~��{[̘Lp\ݯs�o��bgf�׳��:�Xog~�������7J�2 These different types of learning create three distinct domains of learning. Quote prices from memory to a customer. It is the domain where you process information create knowledge and think. The taxonomy was created in 1956 by an educational committee chaired by Benjamin Bloom, an American educational psychologist. h�bbd``b`�~@��H0g �L ����+�ĵL�3Ab�D��|0 �F� 14.7: Psychomotor Domain. endstream endobj startxref Most people think of “learning” as a cognitive process. Each level is conceptually different. Comprehension: the ability to understand the meaning of what is known. Judge the value of requiring students to take earth Each domain on this page has a taxonomy associated with it. Use a set of Use Compute Solve Demonstrate Apply Construct Change Organize Prepare Demonstrate Relate Develop Solve Modify Transfer Operate The student will write an instructional objective for each level Cognitive Domain Levels Affective Domain The affective domain addresses the acquisition of attitudes and values. In this video, you will learn how Bloom's taxonomy will help an educator to frame questions from various levels ranging from lower-order questions to higher-. Example: A child recites the English alphabet. COGNITIVE DOMAIN Knowledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation cite add acquire analyze abstract appraise define approximate adapt audit animate assess describe articulate allocate blueprint arrange compare draw associate alphabetize breadboard assemble conclude .
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2021年11月30日
