ndlovu clan names in ndebelesamaritan hospital patient portal
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There is no clear definition of what uMthwakazi means. /LJ 0 /Group << Its focus was repudiation of the Unity Accord which was interpreted as a surrender document that did not benefit the ordinary people of Matabeleland who suffered the consequences of ethnic violence. /S /Transparency /Type /Pages Mabhena, Hon. This is a clannish definition that fails to take into account the complex processes of nation building evolved by Mzilikazi who continually added new groups into the lower echelons of the original Khumalo clan. By the time of colonial rule, the Ndebele state had existed as a centralised political reality in the south-western part of the Zimbabwean plateau with people who were conscious of being Ndebele and who spoke IsiNdebele as their national language (Cobbing 1976; Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2004). /K [24 0 R] Found inside – Page xixIn the case of the Ndebele who settled in the south-west of the Zimbabwe plateau after 1840, what began as the movement of a small Khumalo clan from the Zulu kingdom as a result of the nineteenth-century Mfecane in South Africa, ... /Chart /Sect /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB Ndebele particularism continued to reverberate within the colonial state to the extent that the Matabele Home Society successfully lobbied and agitated for name-change of Rufaro Township into Njube Township (Roberts 2005). 10 [123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R 125 0 R >> On reaching the Zimbabwean plateau, the process of nation building continued in the form of conquest, assimilation and incorporation of Lozwi, Kalanga, Birwa, Tonga, Nyubi, Venda, and Suthu inhabitants of the south-west. �+Sl�V����˗���Gޗ"���%{O���ȇ�,Ej籬s�/�rF �}S��t���6�Z����;[�� The Ndebele are a Nguni people, they originate from Nguniland which was an area South East of Afrika which stretched from encompassed parts of Present day KZN, Swaziland and Eastern Transvaal. /GS8 52 0 R /Type /Group Mthombeni 17 193 0 R 18 [175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 177 0 R 177 0 R 177 0 R 177 0 R 177 0 R 177 0 R 177 0 R 2004. /Font << Another aspect was that a clan would model itself after an essential attribute of the chosen animal, particularly bravery, courage, speed and wisdom. 166 0 R 166 0 R 166 0 R 166 0 R 166 0 R 166 0 R 166 0 R 166 0 R 166 0 R 166 0 R >> The Ndebele Nation: Reflections on Hegemony, Memory and Historiography. Replies. Barbour, Stephen 2001. Abakwa Ndlovu oGatsheni bangabe Nguni: U-Gatsheni wazala u Lamula, U-Lamula wazala u Zingelwayo, U-Zingelwayo wazala uMpongo, U-Mpongo wazala uNgema, U-Ngema wazala uMdingi. /SMask 197 0 R Thus, the cadres were brought up to hate (Bhebe 2004a:256).
3 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R] Zubane: Mthiya, Zikhonjwa. Clan Names endobj /CA 1 /Type /Page /ExtGState << The History and Political Transition of Zimbabwe: From ... Added to this constituency are the old guard ZAPU nationalists who have continued their membership in ZANU-PF despite being pushed to peripheral positions within the party and the government. Ncalane 8. /Nums [0 [78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 82 0 R] They explored in detail how the interconnections of nationalism, ethnicity, religion, Ndebele resistance against colonial forces as well as the assaults on the Ndebele by the post-colonial forces contributed to the reinforcement of Ndebele identity. Ndebele: Mazankosi, Vanande ; Ndima: Lembede; Ndimande: Gcwensa, Mzulwini; Ndlala: Khezokhulu, Tukane, Mlalane; Ndlangamandla: Mphazima; Ndlanzi: Hadebe, Bhungane, Mthimkhulu; Ndlanya: Mjoli, Mbekwa; Ndlela: Bayeni, Sompisi, Godide, Mphemba; Ndlovu: Gatsheni, Boyabenyathi; Nduli: Khwela ; Ndulini: Khwela, Sithombo; Nene: Sithenjwa, Ngema; Ngcamu: … >> THE NDLOVU CLANS OF ZIMBABWE The surname Ndlovu/Ndhlovu is found accross Zimbabwe who are of the elephant totem. The uniting factor was the language known as IsiNdebele. On the contrary, amongst Bukalanga peoples, Bakalanga, BaNambya, some Venda, and the majority of those now called Ndebele, the occurrence of these type of surnames is about 100%. /F7 48 0 R << 15 0 R 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R 19 0 R 20 0 R 21 0 R 22 0 R 23 0 R] Actually in terms of the Moffat Treaty of Peace and Unity of 11 February 1888 between Queen Victoria and King Lobengula, Britain and Matabeleland were allies, and due to our respect to our late King we have not renounced his vow. Nzou-Samanyanga Totem. /ExtGState << /F1 46 0 R The Ndebele existed as an independent nation up to 1893 when King Lobengula was violently removed from power by the British colonialists. << in Xhosa are family names that are considered more important than surnames among Xhosa people. >> /S /Transparency Unpublished M.A. >> /Tabs /S In 1980 again the Respondent went further to use the said Order as the legal basis of simultaneously decolonising Mashonaland with the status of an independent Republic of Zimbabwe, to which it consequently transferred the mandate of ruling us, in Matabeleland by conquest to black majority supremacy regime comprising of Shona tribe through ‘The Constitution Order 1980 (S.I. Please confirm you want to block this member. Lindgren relied heavily on the works of white literate observers and early white writers who simplistically failed to go beyond the totem to the clan name in their definition of who was Ndebele and who was not (Hughes 1956; Child 1969). /Height 320 /S /Transparency /GS7 51 0 R Found inside – Page 45But , as Ndlovu - Gatsheni argues , contemporary Ndebele izibongo and clan names have complex histories that are belied by such straightforward claims to common ancestry . For instance , the izibongo or clan names Ndlovu , Moyo and ... As such the Rozvi people were not able to offer united resistance to the Ndebele invaders from the South. /GS7 51 0 R /Type /Page /Type /Page /GS8 52 0 R state by deploying clan names to prove that Ndebele identity can be divided into hierarchical categories of Zansi, Enhla and Lozwi (Holi). This definition took the form of post-colonial re-tribalisation and provincialisation of Ndebele identity that was initiated by the state in the period 1980-1987. This article deploys a politico-sociological historical analysis in the interrogation of the origins, tenacity and resilience of Ndebele particularism across pre-colonial, colonial and post-colonial epochs in Zimbabwe. Mzilikazi employed such strategies as raiding, conquest, assimilation and the incorporation of individuals, groups and communities. >> /Type /Page How Popular is the name Ndlovu? /Font << The reality is that one finds numerous Ndlovus in Matabeleland and the Midlands regions sharing a common totem (elephant) but not tracing their descent from common clans or ethnic groups. /Resources << The self-styled Lozwi king Mike Mambo Moyo has bemoaned lack of recognition by the government and vowed to push for laws that will cement the revival of his kingdom. 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R] NCANE 11. ncapayi 12. /S /Transparency >> /S /Transparency /XObject << >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Just as in English one would say, 'your majesty or his royal majesty or your royal majesty' to their king, in Zulu and other nguni words you use the praise word ndabezitha.The word is a contraction of indaba yezitha literally meaning … For instance, the term Zansi literally meant the South in geographic sense while Enhla literally means the North. This atmosphere attracted some of these communities to join the Ndebele on their own volition.10. The elephant totem, nzou/zhou/ndlovu has a number of classes (zvidawo). /GS7 51 0 R The name Ndebele, therefore, did not refer to a single ethnic group but to a multi-ethnic nation. endobj The Kalanga name, Shongwe inotitima, was later overshadowed even more by the one in honour of the British queen, ‘Victoria Falls’, than by the seSuthu one. 2003. What has not been explored is the issue of how the Ndebele continued to promote their ‘particularism’ within the colonial state and even after the achievement of independence. It accused the former ZAPU elite of selling out the people of Matabeleland for personal interests. /Font <<
/Width 320 They are composed with athleticism and intelligent although they are few in population. The post-colonial period was crucial in the process of furthering Ndebele particularism by the state’s use of violence. The formation and consolidation of the Ndebele state was predicated on the generous and inclusive assimilationist policy where Ndebele language became a common signifier of identity (Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2009). /Parent 2 0 R Working within the auspices of the organisation known as Umhlahlo we Sizwe sika Mthwakazi dedicated to the restoration of an autonomous Kingdom of Matabeleland, Mabhena has progressed to file a legal case for review of the verdict of the judicial council of the Privy Council on the land case of Matabeleland on the 19th of July 1918 by the British Government. For instance, in Matabeleland the isibongo Ndlovu is not signifying a single clan group. /Contents 67 0 R Gukurahundi violence provoked radical Ndebele cultural nationalism as well as radical Ndebele politics that sometimes contested the whole idea of a unitary Zimbabwe state. Ntombela, Ntuli, Mdletshe, Ndlovu - Izithakazelo Umlando Clan names Iziduko. Cobbing, Julian 1988. He explored how discursive practices underwriting the hegemony of dominating ethnic groups like the Shona, the use of languages as markers of ethnic and national identity, as well as the appropriation and abuse of the terminology such as ‘minority’ and ‘majority’ are deployed in Zimbabwe in pursuit of exclusionary political agendas (Ndhlovu 2006:1). /MediaBox [0 0 594.95996 840.95996] The Ndebele managed to push out the Griqua, Kora and other brigands that subsisted on raiding the Sotho and the Tswana. /MarkInfo << Lozwi ‘king’ pushes for recognition. /GS7 51 0 R /F6 49 0 R /F10 56 0 R /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /X7 30 0 R Clan Praises for Mndebele, Izithakazelo, Direto, Tshirendo, Iinanazelo, Tinanatelo, Iziduko, Xipato, Mndebele's history, Mndebele's heritage, Mndebele's clan information 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 21 0 obj This Rozvi state was found by the Ndebele already tottering and breaking into smaller chieftaincies. /CS /DeviceRGB /F6 49 0 R /F2 47 0 R /Parent 2 0 R Roberts concluded that ‘the Home Society, the Mzilikazi Family Association, and indeed the Khumalo as traditional leaders outside the colonial order, played their part, holding the people of western Zimbabwe together, as a nation defined by culture rather than as nationalists defined by politics’ (Roberts 2005:37). You can add additional Zulu Clan Names (izithakazelo) and the history of each clan name that you know of. >> /ExtGState << /Resources << 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R] /Font << 160 0 R 160 0 R 160 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R 162 0 R 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R /Tabs /S >> & Kruger, D.W. (eds) 1937. Ezra TSHISA Sibanda, Broadcaster; Gibbs Dube, Broadcasting Guru; Busi Ncube, singer; Pius Ncube, Archbishop of kwaBulawayo; Welshman Ncube, politician; Peter Ndlovu, footballer; Mluleki Nkala, cricketer While the issue of Ndebele particularism is currently overshadowed by the recent political and economic crisis that has seen Zimbabwe becoming a This article starts by engaging with some theoretical and definitional issues including contested interpretations of who qualifies as a Ndebele in context of a society characterised by assimilation and incorporation of people from different ethnic groups into the Ndebele state. Found inside – Page 136by someone of your own clan , so when a Zulu man had his eye on a woman his opening line would be : Ntombi uthanda kwabani ? ... That was how important family names were . ... So they adopted local names , especially Ndlovu and Mnisi . /Type /Page Nkwali (Mfengu/Hlubi clan name: bhukula, Mkhwanazi, Nkwali ye Nkosi) ... Mzilikazi, the founder of the Ndebele nation, belonged to this clan. Namba 5. This action will also remove this member from your connections and send a report to the site admin. /MediaBox [0 0 419.52 595.32] /CS /DeviceRGB According to Brian Eric Abrams (2006:24), ZANU-PF and the state ‘developed a clear message, sharp media campaign and a multi-layered military response to achieve its highly focused political goals.’ The violence was in reality an indication of how Ndebele particularism could not easily blend with a Shona imagined nation and Shona triumphalism. On the contrary, amongst Bukalanga peoples, Bakalanga, BaNambya, some Venda, and the majority of those now called Ndebele, the occurrence of these type of surnames is about 100%. Selected Hebrew metaphors in the Book of Amos are analysed according to conceptual metaphor theory and compared with the conceptual metaphor analysis of the corresponding verses in existing Zulu translations, thereby increasing the ... 1 0 obj /StructParents 16 /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /CS /DeviceRGB This led the historian Arthur Keppel-Jones (1983:8-11) to argue that Mashonaland was ‘occupied’ and Matabeleland was ‘conquered.’ The heroic charge of the Ndebele against the colonial forces’ encampments at the Shangani and Mbembesi Rivers was inscribed into Ndebele national memory. /Parent 2 0 R %���� Historical Derivation of Some Miscellaneous Ndebele Names and Name-derived Terminology. Pronunciation of Ndlovu with 5 audio pronunciations, 2 meanings, 1 translation, 1 sentence and more for Ndlovu. /F1 46 0 R ... AbaThembu babizwa ngaManala Ndebele. >> /F1 46 0 R /GS8 52 0 R The common perception is that ZANU-PF is a tribal party that survives on tribalism. Found inside – Page 213Born around 1914 , Mangisi Ndlovu ( MaNdlovu ) was one of the younger daughters in the home of a Christian family headed by her father , Gqiza Ndlovu . Of the Halimana clan that was incorporated into the Ndebele polity in the nineteenth ... Izithakazelo zakwaZulu ziningi kakhulu, zingangezihlabathi zolwandle! 28 0 obj << Nase 7. /SA true
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Found inside – Page 260It was a name given to the Ndebele by the Sotho people of King Moshweshwe , who had managed to build a new nation in the midst ... The Ndebele nation crystallised around a small Khumalo clan under the leadership of Mzilikazi Khumalo . While the Shona people use mitupo based on animals and nature, in Ndebele izangelo/izibongo were derived from names of the ancestors, from power, looks and deeds. Found inside – Page 65The Mabaso have an ancestor called Langa who is looked upon as the founding father of the Ndlovu clan ; one of the founding ... There is literally no end to the numbers of ancestors bearing name Langa in the Zululand - Natal area . /F1 46 0 R /Type /Page /F10 56 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB Found inside – Page 66Under modern influences , people who got married in the church or civil court are referred to as Mister and Mrs. , but traditionally , it was enough to call a married person by his totem name , isibongo : Ndlovu , Khumalo , Dube , or ... The violence was in a way symptomatic of the failure of a smooth blending of major ethnicities into a new national identity called Zimbabwe. Mhuka isina mushishi, Do we have nzou samanyangas from Mozambique, Your email address will not be published. /Group << 9 [120 0 R 120 0 R 120 0 R 120 0 R 120 0 R 120 0 R 120 0 R 120 0 R 120 0 R 120 0 R >> /F6 49 0 R Nelengqwele liyopha. The Ndebele of Zimbabwe are variously described as a tribe, a clan and an ethnic group. /Textbox /Sect /GS7 51 0 R /F7 48 0 R
Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Ncayiyana 13. Nase 7. Their dialectical classes comprises of Samanyanga, Suwani, Mushavi. /CS /DeviceRGB As clearly detailed in the Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace (CCJP) and the Legal Resources Foundation (LRF)’s Report, Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace: A Report on the Disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, 1980-1989, the military operation that was orchestrated through deployment of the Fifth Brigade (Gukurahundi) became a bizarre combination of random killing of every Ndebele-speaker, hunting and killing of every PF-ZAPU supporter, raping of Ndebele women and girls, as well as abduction, torture, politicisation and attempts at forcing every Ndebele-speaker to switch to the Shona language and then support ZANU-PF (CCJP & LRF 1997).17 Bhebe (2004b:15) had this to say about the roots of this violence: Moreover, when people discuss our nationalist historiography they want to pour their worst venom on ZANU-PF and even forget the inevitability of our post-colonial civil war. /K [78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R >> >> /MediaBox [0 0 419.52 595.32] A separate history is claimed together with appropriation of Joshua Nkomo, ZAPU and ZIPRA as the property and heritage of the Ndebele.
Ngwabi Bhebe, a historian, has shown that a number of people of Shona origin who were assimilated into the Ndebele state tended to Ndebele-lise their Shona surnames. /Type /Page Indlovu is the isiNdebele/Nguni name for an elephant. /Font << endobj In this scheme of things, the Ndebele were reduced to Ngunis who were identifiable through such surnames as Khumalo, Mkwananzi, Gumede, Mafu, Gatsheni and Mathema.6. The second version is one that defined Ndebele-ness linguistically – as comprising any one who spoke Ndebele language as a mother tongue. Found inside – Page 10This was before the emergence of multi-clan and powerful nation states. ... the Reverend A T Bryant's Olden Times in Zululand, give the name of Mzilikazi's mother as Nomphethu, the daughter of Zwide KaLanga, the Ndwandwe (Nxumalo) king. This article, therefore, interrogates the history behind the origins and resilience of Ndebele particularism – that makes it refuse to be swallowed by current territorial nationalism. See also extended debates on the Mfecane in Hamilton 1995. NAKASA 2. Found inside – Page 115For the senior Ndlovu's role as witchdoctor, see also Anna Engle, John Climenhaga, and Leoda A. Buckwalter, ... Ndhlalambi's isibongo (praise-name), or surname—Moyo—was the royal ''heart'' clan of the Mambo people. /CS /DeviceRGB /ExtGState << Vegkop, 2 October 1836: Analysis. /StructParents 3 W. H. 2007. A comparative study of identity shifts in two large ethnic groups in Matabeleland, Zimbabwe. But as noted by Bhebe the violence was somehow an inevitable consequence of the way nationalism had evolved and how the nationalist armies had been formed. Found inside – Page 178For instance, in Matabeleland the isibongo Ndlovu does not signify a single clan group. ... observers and early white writers who simplistically failed to go beyond the totem to the clan-name in their definition of who was Ndebele and ... /F1 46 0 R >> These organisations came into being in the wake of the swallowing up of PF-ZAPU by ZANU-PF in 1987 and they tried to continue the work of such other earlier organisations as Ndebele National Movement, Matabele Home Society and Mzilikazi Family Association that were decentred by the rise of mass nationalism. 1. The final proposition was that ethnicity as an objectified ‘principle’ of collective consciousness of society, could be perpetuated by factors quite different from those that caused its emergence and could also develop a direct and independent impact on the context in which it arose (Comaroff 1997:69-85). 13 [138 0 R 139 0 R 140 0 R] /LC 0 Found inside – Page 37In the old days , you did not need to know who someone bearing your name was or where he or she came from . ... by someone of your own clan , so when a Zulu man had his eye on a woman his opening line would be : Ntombi uthanda kwabani ? The most recent definition was concocted during the post-colonial era and in the midst of violence that engulfed Matabeleland and the Midlands regions of Zimbabwe in the period 1980-1987.
1998. Where Nkomo blames Leopold Takawira for fomenting the split on tribal lines. Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. As noted in the epigraph above, Robert Mugabe has ruled out as impossible the idea of the realisation of a restored and autonomous Ndebele nation in the mould of Swaziland and Lesotho. It is non-violent community rooted umbrella of all the suppressed people regardless of partisan, ethnicity, creed, gender, class or age. /Footnote /Note /GS7 51 0 R Each party had its own Commissariat Department, whose task was to teach recruits the history of the party, how the party was different from each other, who the leaders were and how they were different from the less revolutionary or sell-out leaders of the rival party.
<< African Ethnonyms and Toponyms: Report and Papers of the ... Bwalya 135.3k. /Resources << Nina bakwaNdlovuzidl’ ekhaya, ngokweswel’ abelusi, Zaze zeluswa intombi uDemazane, Nina bakwaKhumbul’ amagwala, Nina bakwaDemazane Ntombazana, Nina bakwaS’hlangu sihle, Mthiyane, Ngokuthiy’ amadoda emazibukweni, Nina bakwaMdubusi! /Slide /Part >> /MediaBox [0 0 419.52 595.32] << Metaphor in Zulu >> Thus, whilst retaining their praises and priesthood in the Mwali Religion, took on the survival names used by their compatriots in what is now KwaZulu-Natal to evade the Ndebele Assegai. It is a term that is used to refer to the Zulu clan. 8 0 obj 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R /F1 46 0 R Contrary arguments can be used to establish the distinction between Njobvu and Ndlovu. maDlamini (born Sibongile Winifred Dlamini), married 27 December 1969 at St Margaret’s Church, Nongoma. The reigning kings were Mambo and Mzilikazi. This political definition had the immediate impact of uniting all those who were brutalised by the Fifth Brigade, not only as a dissident community as ZANU-PF and Robert Mugabe defined them, but also as a victimised and unwanted community that had to look for a state of their own (Msindo 2004). What people are saying - Write a review. Besides the Fifth Brigade atrocities instilling fear in Matabeleland and the Midlands, it heightened the victims’ awareness of being Ndebele and a sense of not being part of Zimbabwe.19 The Unity Accord that was signed between PF-ZAPU and ZANU-PF on 22 December 1987 was nothing less than a surrender document where the PF-ZAPU politicians threw in the towel and allowed PF-ZAPU to be swallowed by ZANU-PF.20 The bitterness and the memory of having lost family members, relatives and friends did not go away with the Unity Accord (Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2003). /Type /Page /Resources << African Identities: Ethnicity, Nationality and History: The Case of Matabeleland, 1893-1993, in Heidrich, J. /GS8 52 0 R >> /ExtGState << Southern Africa. Africa - Volume 74, Issues 1-2 - Page 186 << Ranger, Terence 1994a. Examples included Shiri becoming Tshili, Mhofu becoming Mpofu, Zhou becoming Ndlovu, Hungwe becoming Nyoni (Bhebhe 1979). By the time of Ndebele permanent settlement on the south-western part of the Zimbabwean plateau after 1840, what had started as a small Khumalo clan had snowballed over time into a heterogeneous nation consisting of different groups. The word is derived from the Ndebele word for thank you or “bonga,” a powerful word that also means to praise or … >> >> Despite the vigorous revisions of the Mfecane by Julian Cobbing in the 1980s and 1990s, and his attempt to ‘jettison’ the Mfecane from Southern African History, no one has disputed that this revolution was marked by creative statecraft that led to the emergence of such new political and social formations such as the Ndebele in the highveld of South Africa (Cobbing 1988).9 The process unfolded in terms of how a small Khumalo clan expanded into a nation and how a small Khumalo ruling elite managed to broadcast its power over people of different ethnic groups. Dissident Perspectives on Zimbabwe’s Post-Independence War. Colonial rule was extended from Mashonaland to the Ndebele state after the Anglo-Ndebele War of 1893 where the Ndebele forces tried to resist the invasion of their state by Cecil John Rhodes’s imperialist forces (Glass 1968). To some extent we accept the notion of the inevitability of a violent post-colonial civil war pitting the former liberation movements and their former armies against each other. Some people think it is derived from uMutwa–a Ndebele name for the original inhabitants of Southern African known as the San. Zulu Family History. /Parent 2 0 R Ndebele is a nation made up of various tribes that were incoporated by by King Mzilikazi. The Chronicle. << Types of amadlozi endobj Please allow a few minutes for this process to complete. See also Alexander 1998:151-182 and Yap 2001. /F9 50 0 R This song encapsulated how the Ndebele as a nation understood the impact of colonial rule and the changing circumstances brought about by colonialism, particularly the disappearance of black kings and their replacement by white rulers. Zwane: Mangethe! /ML 4
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2021年11月30日
